Familie, Kirche und Schule - wichtige Faktoren in der Verwirklichung einer religiösen Erziehung

Die rumänischen Schulen zeigen ein immer wachsendes Interesse gegenüber einer religiös-moralischen Erziehung. Die wirtschaftliche Krise bringt mit sich auch eine spürbare moralische Krise. Die Lösungen für die gegenwärtigen Probleme der Jugendlichen und der Gesellschaft müssen im Inneren des Christentums gesucht werden, denn diese stammen aus der immer gültigen Lehre der Kirche und der religiösen Lehre. Der moralische Wiederaufbau der Gesellschaft ist heutzutage das Hauptziel der religiös-moralischen Erziehung der rumänischen Schule. In diesem Sinne haben die religiöse Erziehung und der Religionsunterricht in den Schulen eine überragende Rolle (auch wenn einige die Entfernung des Religionsunterrichts aus dem jetzigen Schulcurriculum vorschlagen), denn sie baut auf Liebe, Vertrauen, Kommunikation und Meinungsfreiheit. Der Zweck der religiös-moralischen Erziehung ist es, durch all die oben benannten Mittel religiös-moralische Tugenden zu schaffen. Damit religiöse Erziehung das gewollte Endergebnis erreicht, muss es eine sehr enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen den wichtigen Faktoren der Erziehung geben: zwischen Familie, Schule und Kirche. Die Schule ersetzt den Mangel an religiös-moralischer Erziehung in der Familie und die Kirche vollendet die Arbeit der Schule durch die Teilnahme am Gottesdienst. Zwecks der Schaffung einer inneren Harmonie erzeugen Schule, Familie und Kirche Umgebungen, in denen sich die Jugendlichen weiterbilden und informieren können, in denen sie Unterstützung, Verständnis und moralische Lebensmodelle finden können. (DIPF/Verlag)Romanian schools show an increasing interest towards religious and moral education. The financial and economical crisis caused a moral crisis too. One must search for the solutions for the present problems of the younger generation and of the society inside of Christianity; for the solutions derive from the universal doctrines of the church and the religious doctrines. The religious and moral education of the society has become the main objective of Romanian schools. Religious education and religion class have in this sense a very important role (although some people suggest the elimination of religion class from the present curriculum), since they are built on love, trust, communication and freedom of opinion. The goal of a religious and moral education is to achieve through all the formerly named means a human being with important religious and moral features. To achieve the goals of religious education, there must be a pretty close collaboration between the most important factors of education, namely: family, school and church. School can substitute features of moral education that the family had failed to pass to the children and the church can accomplish the work of the school by introducing pupils to the mystery of the religious cult. To accomplish an inner harmony, children must be surrounded by an environment that gives them the chance and the opportunity to find new information and to further educate them. School, church and family try to create such kinds of environments for children which are characterized by encouragement, understanding and moral life models. All the above mentioned factors must operate together and not isolated. Only by coordinating the educational functions can we hope for an authentic intellectual and spiritual education of people and of society. (DIPF/Orig.

OBESITY AND SLEEP-RELATED PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN

Obesity is a public health problem, with an important increase in prevalence in the last decades, pediatric population also fi ts these characteristics. Among the systemic complications of obesity is included the sleep – related respiratory pathology. The association obstructive sleep apnea – obesity is suspected in a child who snores, has sleep fragmentation and breathing pauses, but the diagnosis is confi rmed using polysomnography. Obstructive sleep apnea has many kinds of complications (increased by the association with obesity) – cardiac, metabolic, neurocognitive, all of them affecting the quality of life. The treatment of obstructive sleep apnea includes weight loss, adenotonsillectomy and CPAP ventilation

Dietary habits and lifestyle in school-aged children from Bucharest, Romania

Background. This study evaluated the difference between boys and girls in terms of nutritional status, lifestyle, and dietary habits during school life. Materials and Methods. A descriptive and observational study was conducted in 2016, in which 251 children, aged 7-17, from 3 elementary schools and a high school inBucharest,Romania, were evaluated. A questionnaire was used to assess food behavior, eating, and lifestyle habits. Results. Boys had a significantly higher waist circumference (71.18±9) than girls (67.46±9.91) (p=0.004). Thus 27% of boys were overweight or obese compared with only 22% of the girls. Differences were also seen between the two groups in terms of main meals and snacks and following a rhythm of meals: a statistically significant percentage of girls (36.3%) skip breakfast, while most boys (63.8%) take a food package to school. A total of 23.8% of the boys and 24% of the girls state that they eat while sitting in front of the computer or TV. Conclusions. We found that boys are more overweight or obese than girls. Obesity in the pediatric population of Romania could be explained by the country’s emergence from communism 25 years ago, pattern typical of all Eastern European countries and which currently involve an overexposure of people to fast food, fizzy drinks and sweets, as well as to a high consumption of salt and food additives. Unbalanced and highly caloric food had been preferable to healthy food in the last period. Leisure time is rather spent in front of the TV, tablet, detrimental to rational physical exercise, recreational sports or hiking. The family environment is very important and all our actions should be focused on continuous education about the risks of unhealthy food and a sedentary lifestyle

Dietary habits and lifestyle in school-aged children from Bucharest, Romania

Background. This study evaluated the difference between boys and girls in terms of nutritional status, lifestyle, and dietary habits during school life. Materials and Methods. A descriptive and observational study was conducted in 2016, in which 251 children, aged 7-17, from 3 elementary schools and a high school inBucharest,Romania, were evaluated. A questionnaire was used to assess food behavior, eating, and lifestyle habits. Results. Boys had a significantly higher waist circumference (71.18±9) than girls (67.46±9.91) (p=0.004). Thus 27% of boys were overweight or obese compared with only 22% of the girls. Differences were also seen between the two groups in terms of main meals and snacks and following a rhythm of meals: a statistically significant percentage of girls (36.3%) skip breakfast, while most boys (63.8%) take a food package to school. A total of 23.8% of the boys and 24% of the girls state that they eat while sitting in front of the computer or TV. Conclusions. We found that boys are more overweight or obese than girls. Obesity in the pediatric population of Romania could be explained by the country’s emergence from communism 25 years ago, pattern typical of all Eastern European countries and which currently involve an overexposure of people to fast food, fizzy drinks and sweets, as well as to a high consumption of salt and food additives. Unbalanced and highly caloric food had been preferable to healthy food in the last period. Leisure time is rather spent in front of the TV, tablet, detrimental to rational physical exercise, recreational sports or hiking. The family environment is very important and all our actions should be focused on continuous education about the risks of unhealthy food and a sedentary lifestyle

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODErn), to generate cause fractions and cause specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NC Ds) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73.4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72.5-74.1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 186% (17.9-19.6), and injuries 8.0% (7.7-8.2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22.7% (21.5-23.9), representing an additional 7.61 million (7. 20-8.01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7.9% (7.08.8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 222% (20.0-24.0) and the death rate by 31.8% (30.1-33.3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2.3% (0-5-4-0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13.7% (12.2-15.1) to 57.9 deaths (55.9-59.2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118.0% (88.8-148.6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36.4% (32.2-40.6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33.6% (31.2-36.1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respirator}, infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990 neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2\ub75th percentile and 100 as the 97\ub75th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59\ub74 (IQR 35\ub74–67\ub73), ranging from a low of 11\ub76 (95% uncertainty interval 9\ub76–14\ub70) to a high of 84\ub79 (83\ub71–86\ub77). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of 'leaving no one behind', it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. METHODS: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator

Die Evaluation der religiösen Kenntnisse und Verhaltensweisen

Die Evaluation im Fach Religion […] leistet den Übergang von der informativen zu der formativen Seite des Erziehungsprozesses. Die alternativen Evaluationsmethoden […] im Religionsunterricht […] entwickeln einige besondere formative Valenzen. […] Durch diesen Evaluationstyp kann der Religionslehrer den Aneignungsgrad der Kenntnisse und praktischen Fähigkeiten der Schüler, sowie auch ihre Fähigkeit, sich ein axiologisches System (Meinungen, Verhalten, Reaktionen) [einzuordnen], erkennen. (DIPF/Orig.)The educative actions undertaken in school are permanently evaluated in rapport with the system of cultural, scientific, religious and artistic values the students are to acknowledge and interiorize in their own cognitive, affective-attitudinal and behavioral structures. In the study of religion evaluation has a peculiar character in the sense that it constitutes the link between the informative and the formative side of the educational process. The alternative methods of evaluation are welcome for they bring along special formative dimensions: they enable students to apply what they have learned, to manifest their ability of managing a concrete situation, they offer the teacher a good image of the development of the students, as well as of the degree of creating a personal axiologic system. Evaluation must not be rearded solely as a means of measuring the results of the teaching process but also as bettering oneself in virtue of love and altruism. (DIPF/Orig.

Die Kontextualisierung der didaktischen Prinzipien im Religionsunterricht

Religiöse Erziehung setzt sich, wie jede andere authentische Erziehung, folgende Ziele: die Formung einer eigenen Vision über die Realität, diesem Sein einen Sinn geben. Diese Ziele tragen zu der Entstehung eines religiös-moralischen Charakters bei. Das menschliche Wesen will immer nach dem transzendentalen greifen, und dies benötigt eine religiöse Steuerung, die durch Erziehung erreicht wird. Um seine vorgenommenen Ziele verwirklichen zu können, muss religiöse Erziehung aktiv sein. Sie ist nur dann aktiv, wenn es ihr gelingt Charaktere, Meinungen und Mentalitäten von bösen Absichten zu befreien und wenn sie starke Charaktere erzeugen kann, die sich um das Gute, um das Wahre und das Schöne bemühen. Religiöse Erziehung kann durch die Einhaltung einiger didaktischen Prinzipien leichter vollbracht werden. Es sollen die wichtigsten Prinzipien benannt werden, die aus dem Sicht der religiösen Erziehung relevant sind: das Prinzip der Einhaltung der altersspezifischen Merkmale der Schüler, das Prinzip der Schaffung einer angenehmen und interessanten Umgebung für die Schüler, das Prinzip der Intuition, das Prinzip des fächerübergreifenden Unterrichts, das Prinzip der Interkonfessionalität, das Prinzip der Ekklesiologie und das Prinzip, das aussagt, dass Gott im Mittelpunkt von Allem steht. (DIPF/Verlag)Religious education has the goals of any other authentic education, namely: forming a personal vision about reality or giving existence a sense. The result of these goals is the emergence of a religious-moral character. The human being always tries to reach for the transcendental. This reaching out requires a religious steerage that can be achieved through education. Religious education must be an active one, if it wishes to fulfill its goals. Religious education is considered active if it can free characters, opinions and mentalities from evil intentions and if it can create strong characters that strive towards the good, the beautiful and the true. Religious education can be achieved easier if we follow some didactic principles. We will mention the principles that are important from the point of view of religious education: the principle of age specific features of pupils, the principle of the creation of a pleasant and interesting environment for pupils, the principle of intuition, the principle of interdisciplinary teaching, the principle of interconfessionality and the principles of ecclesiology and that of God being the centre of everything. (DIPF/Orig.

SLEEP MEDICINE IN ROMANIA – THE RESULTS OF A QUESTIONNAIRE APPLIED TO DOCTORS OF VARIOUS MEDICAL SPECIALTIES

Pediatric sleep medicine is an area of intense research. The importance of screening for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been emphasized in the recently published international guidelines for the diagnosis and management of childhood OSA. In Romania, the fi rst steps of diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in children have been recently made and we wanted to assess the current awareness and management option in a group of HCPs. A self-administered questionnaire was sent by email to pediatricians, family doctors, medical doctors of other specialties, including pneumologysts, psychiatrists and ENT specialists. The results, important for the qualitative information, show that pediatric sleep disorders, mainly OSAS, are diagnosed rather by specialists than by family doctors, and that in most cases the management strategy was re-evaluation of the child and/or referral to another specialist. Half of the respondents completed the fi nal open qestion showing the need for improvement, both theoretical and practical knowledge, for a better communication between specialists and improvement of access to diagnostic tools, as well as increase of education of parents and older children and adolescents. Further research is needed to confi rm these qualitative data, however the questionnaire allowed the identifi cation of poor areas for various working groups, fi nally elaborating recommendations for various interventions which might infl uence the development of this fi eld in our country as well